Managing

In this critique of management education and practice, Henry Mintzberg argues that managing is learned primarily through experience and shaped by context, not classroom instruction. He contends that MBA programs train the wrong people in the wrong ways, and that attempting to create managers from those without management experience is ineffective. Mintzberg asserts that leaders cannot be developed in a classroom but instead emerge from real-world context. However, he argues that people already practicing management can substantially improve their effectiveness by learning thoughtfully from their own experience. He calls for a more engaging approach to managing itself and a more reflective approach to management education, and outlines how business schools can transform into genuine schools of management.